The two machines you mention, the Windows & Linux machines, are they the same model of computer or if self-build, same mother board.
The acid test for me is to go in to the computer museum (or as the wife calls it, the spare bedroom) and grab a machine - is there a totally different machine around you can try - or take beer to a friends house.
Also worth trying Windows 7 if you can. Or a Mac.
I know this seems like a monstrous pain but it’s incredible how something so simple can get so bizarre and then suddenly the pieces fall in to place.
FWIW, my modules are mostly programmed via Arduino on my iMac but has also been on my Windows 10 machine plus at least a couple of times on Windows 7 as a virtual machine on the iMac (so routing the USB via VMware). I do Arduino on Raspberry Pi, I can give that a try in the morning.